Ngokusho kwesigaba, izinzwa ze-infrared zingahlukaniswa zibe izinzwa ezishisayo nezinzwa ze-photon.

Inzwa eshisayo

Umtshina oshisayo usebenzisa i-elementi yokubona ukuze umunce imisebe ye-infrared ukuze ukhiqize ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, bese uhambisana nezinguquko ezimpahleni ezithile zomzimba. Ukulinganisa izinguquko kulezi zakhiwo ezibonakalayo kungakala amandla noma amandla ewadonsayo. Inqubo ethize imi kanje: Isinyathelo sokuqala ukumunca imisebe ye-infrared ngomtshina oshisayo ukuze kubangele ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa; isinyathelo sesibili ukusebenzisa imiphumela ethile yokushisa komtshina oshisayo ukuguqula ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kube ushintsho kugesi. Kunezinhlobo ezine zezinguquko zezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezivame ukusetshenziswa: uhlobo lwe-thermistor, uhlobo lwe-thermocouple, uhlobo lwe-pyroelectric, nohlobo lwe-Gaolai pneumatic.

# Uhlobo lwe-Thermistor

Ngemuva kokuthi izinto ezizwela ukushisa zimunca imisebe ye-infrared, izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka futhi inani lokumelana liyashintsha. Ubukhulu bokushintshwa kokumelana bukhulu namandla emisebe ye-infrared amuncwe. Izitholi ze-infrared ezenziwe ngokushintsha ukumelana ngemva kokuba into imunca imisebe ye-infrared zibizwa ngokuthi ama-thermistors. Ama-thermistors ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukukala imisebe eshisayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-thermistors: insimbi ne-semiconductor.

R(T)=AT−CeD/T

R (T): inani lokumelana; T: izinga lokushisa; A, C, D: ama-constants ahluka ngempahla.

I-thermistor yensimbi ine-coefficient yezinga lokushisa elihle lokumelana, futhi inani layo eliphelele lincane kunalelo le-semiconductor. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokumelana nezinga lokushisa ngokuyisisekelo buqondile, futhi bunamandla okumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa lokulinganisa;

Ama-thermistors we-semiconductor ahlukile nje, asetshenziselwa ukutholwa kwemisebe, njengama-alamu, amasistimu okuvikela umlilo, nokusesha nokulandelela irediyetha eshisayo.

# Uhlobo lwe-Thermocouple

I-Thermocouple, ebizwa nangokuthi i-thermocouple, iyisisetshenziswa sokuqala sokutholwa kwe-thermoelectric, futhi isimiso sayo sokusebenza siwumphumela we-pyroelectric. I-junction eyakhiwe ngezinto ezimbili ezihlukene zekhondatha ingakhiqiza amandla e-electromotive lapho kuhlangana khona. Ukuphela kwe-thermocouple ethola imisebe kubizwa ngokuthi ukuphela okushisayo, kanti omunye umkhawulo ubizwa ngokuthi ukuphela okubandayo. Okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-thermoelectric, okungukuthi, uma lezi zinto ezimbili ezihlukene ze-conductor zixhunywe ku-loop, lapho izinga lokushisa emajoyini amabili lihlukile, lamanje lizokhiqizwa ku-loop.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-coefficient yokumunca, i-foil yegolide emnyama ifakwe ekugcineni okushisayo ukuze yakhe impahla ye-thermocouple, engaba insimbi noma i-semiconductor. Isakhiwo singaba umugqa noma ibhizinisi elimise okwe-strip, noma ifilimu elincanyana elenziwe ubuchwepheshe be-vacuum deposition noma ubuchwepheshe be-photolithography. Ama-thermocouple ohlobo lwebhizinisi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekukaleni izinga lokushisa, futhi ama-thermocouples ohlobo lwefilimu elincanyana (ahlanganisa ama-thermocouples amaningi ochungechungeni) asetshenziswa kakhulu ukukala imisebe.

Isikhathi esingaguquguquki sohlobo lwe-thermocouple infrared detector sikhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke isikhathi sokuphendula side kakhulu, futhi izici eziguqukayo zimbi kakhulu. Imvamisa yokushintsha kwemisebe ohlangothini olusenyakatho kufanele ngokuvamile ibe ngaphansi kuka-10HZ. Ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo, ama-thermocouples amaningana avame ukuxhunywa ochungechungeni ukuze akhe i-thermopile ukuze kutholakale ukushuba kwemisebe ye-infrared.

# Uhlobo lwe-Pyroelectric

Izitholi ze-Pyroelectric infrared zenziwe ngamakristalu e-pyroelectric noma "i-ferroelectrics" ene-polarization. Ikristalu ye-Pyroelectric iwuhlobo lwekristalu ye-piezoelectric, enesakhiwo esingeyona i-centrosymmetric. Esimweni semvelo, izikhungo zokushaja ezinhle nezingezinhle azihambisani eziqondisweni ezithile, futhi inani elithile lezindleko ze-polarized zenziwa endaweni ye-crystal, ebizwa ngokuthi i-polarization ezenzakalelayo. Lapho izinga lokushisa lekristalu lishintsha, lingabangela isikhungo sokushaja okuhle nokubi kwe-crystal ukushintsha, ngakho-ke inkokhelo ye-polarization ebusweni ishintsha ngokufanele. Ngokuvamile indawo yayo ithwebula amashaji antantayo emkhathini futhi igcine isimo sokulingana kukagesi. Lapho ubuso be-ferroelectric busezingeni likagesi, lapho imisebe ye-infrared i-irradiated ebusweni bayo, izinga lokushisa le-ferroelectric (ishidi) likhuphuka ngokushesha, amandla e-polarization ayancipha ngokushesha, futhi ukushaja okuboshiwe kunciphisa kakhulu; kuyilapho ukushaja okuntantayo ebusweni kushintsha kancane. Alukho ushintsho emzimbeni wangaphakathi we-ferroelectric.

Esikhathini esifushane kakhulu kusukela ekushintsheni kokuqina kwe-polarization okubangelwa ukuguquka kwezinga lokushisa esimweni sokulingana kukagesi endaweni futhi, amacala antantayo angaphezu kwamandla avela ebusweni be-ferroelectric, okulingana nokukhulula ingxenye yenkokhiso. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-pyroelectric. Njengoba kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthi inkokhiso yamahhala inciphise ukushaja okuboshiwe ebusweni, kuthatha imizuzwana engaphezu kwembalwa, futhi isikhathi sokuphumula se-polarization ezenzakalelayo ye-crystal sifushane kakhulu, cishe imizuzwana eyi-10-12, I-pyroelectric crystal ingasabela ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa okusheshayo.

# Uhlobo lwe-pneumatic ye-Gaolai

Lapho igesi ithatha imisebe ye-infrared ngaphansi kwesimo sokugcina umthamo othile, izinga lokushisa lizokhula futhi ingcindezi izokwanda. Ubukhulu bokukhuphuka kwengcindezi bulingana namandla emisebe ye-infrared amuncwe, ngakho-ke amandla emisebe ye-infrared emuncwayo angalinganiswa. Izitholi ze-infrared ezenziwe yilezi zimiso ezingenhla zibizwa ngokuthi izitholi zegesi, kanti ithubhu ye-Gao Lai ingumtshina wegesi ojwayelekile.

Inzwa yefothoni

Ama-Photon infrared detectors asebenzisa izinto ezithile ze-semiconductor ukukhiqiza imiphumela ye-photoelectric ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-infrared radiation ukushintsha izakhiwo zikagesi zezinto. Ngokulinganisa izinguquko ezakhiweni zikagesi, ukushuba kwemisebe ye-infrared kunganqunywa. Izitholi ze-infrared ezenziwe umphumela we-photoelectric zibizwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi ama-photon detectors. Izici eziyinhloko ukuzwela okuphezulu, isivinini sokuphendula esisheshayo kanye nemvamisa yokuphendula ephezulu. Kodwa ngokuvamile idinga ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi ibhande lokubona lincane kakhulu.

Ngokusho kwesimiso sokusebenza komtshina we-photon, ingahlukaniswa ngokujwayelekile ibe yi-photodetector yangaphandle kanye ne-photodetector yangaphakathi. Ama-photodetectors angaphakathi ahlukaniswe ngama-photoconductive detectors, ama-photovoltaic detectors kanye nama-photomagnetoelectric detectors.

# Isitholi sesithombe sangaphandle (idivayisi ye-PE)

Lapho ukukhanya kwenzeka ebusweni bezinsimbi ezithile, ama-oxide ensimbi noma ama-semiconductors, uma amandla e-photon emakhulu ngokwanele, indawo engaphezulu ingakhipha ama-electron. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi i-photoelectron emission, eyingxenye yomphumela we-photoelectric wangaphandle. Amashubhu ezithombe namashubhu e-photomultiplier angowalolu hlobo lomtshina we-photon. Isivinini sokuphendula siyashesha, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, umkhiqizo weshubhu le-photomultiplier unenzuzo ephezulu kakhulu, engasetshenziselwa ukulinganisa kwe-photon eyodwa, kodwa ububanzi be-wavelength buncane kakhulu, futhi olude kakhulu luyi-1700nm kuphela.

# Umtshina we-Photoconductive

Lapho i-semiconductor imunca ama-photon esigameko, amanye ama-electron kanye nezimbobo ku-semiconductor ziyashintsha zisuka esimweni esingesona i-conductive ziye esimweni esikhululekile esingaqhuba ugesi, ngaleyo ndlela andise ukuqhutshwa kwe-semiconductor. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-photoconductivity. Izitholi ze-infrared ezenziwe umphumela we-photoconductive wama-semiconductors zibizwa ngokuthi ama-photoconductive detectors. Njengamanje, iwuhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu lomtshina we-photon.

# Umtshina we-Photovoltaic (idivayisi ye-PU)

Lapho imisebe ye-infrared ikhanyiswa ekuhlanganeni kwe-PN kwezakhiwo ezithile ze-semiconductor, ngaphansi kwesenzo senkambu kagesi ekuhlanganeni kwe-PN, ama-electron amahhala endaweni engu-P aya endaweni engu-N, futhi izimbobo endaweni engu-N zithuthela endaweni. Indawo ye-P. Uma i-PN junction ivuliwe, amandla engeziwe kagesi akhiqizwa kuzo zombili iziphetho ze-PN junction ebizwa ngokuthi i-photo electromotive force. Izihloli ezenziwe kusetshenziswa i-photo electromotive force effect zibizwa ngokuthi ama-photovoltaic detectors noma ama-junction infrared detectors.

# Umtshina we-Optical magnetoelectric

Inkambu kazibuthe isetshenziswa eceleni kwesampula. Lapho i-semiconductor surface ithatha ama-photons, ama-electron nezimbobo ezikhiqizwayo zisakazwa emzimbeni. Phakathi nenqubo yokusabalalisa, ama-electron nezimbobo zisuswa kuzo zombili iziphetho zesampula ngenxa yomphumela wensimu yamagnetic yangemuva. Kunomehluko ongaba khona phakathi kweziphetho zombili. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-opto-magnetoelectric. Izihloli ezenziwe ngomphumela wesithombe-magnetoelectric zibizwa ngokuthi ama-photo-magneto-electric detectors (okubizwa ngokuthi amadivaysi e-PEM).